![]() ![]() Both Williams and Thompson studied the lived dimension of culture and the active and collective process of fashioning meaningful ways of life. Williams's emphasis on culture as a ‘whole way of life’ and Thompson's emphasis on culture as the way in which groups ‘handle’ the raw material of social and material existence opened up new ways of thinking about culture-in particular uncoupling the concept from a narrow literary and aesthetic reference. Thompson (The Making of the English Working Class, 1963) have been particularly influential in the development of post-war British cultural theory. The works of Raymond Williams (The Long Revolution, 1961) and E. ![]() Prominent here have been the concepts of ideology and consciousness (particularly its collective forms). Cultural theory has also been marked by an engagement with concepts which have often been taken to cover some of the same ground signified by the notion of culture itself. ![]() Historically these have involved arguments about the relationship between culture and nature, culture and society (including material social processes), the split between high and low culture, and the interplay between cultural tradition and cultural difference and diversity. This term has been applied to diverse attempts to conceptualize and understand the dynamics of culture. ![]()
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